Conduit

• Mitochondrial function
• Enzymatic support
• Muscle function
• Electrolyte balance
• Nervous system regulation

Take 2 capsules with or without food, repeat later if desired.

1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium — Health Professional Fact Sheet. Authoritative overview of magnesium as a cofactor in hundreds of enzyme systems and its roles in muscle, nerve, glucose and blood-pressure regulation. Source
2. de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015. PMID 25540137. Comprehensive physiological review; notes involvement in more than 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Source
3. Mildvan AS. Role of magnesium and other divalent cations in ATP-utilizing enzymes. Magnesium. 1987. PMID 3029516. Classic mechanistic paper on how Mg²⁺ coordinates ATP and enables ATP-dependent enzymatic reactions. Source
4. Huang CW, et al. Magnesium as a Bioenergetic Checkpoint Linking Mitochondrial Function, Metabolic Disease, and Aging. Aging Cell. 2026. PMID 42244260. Modern review emphasizing MgATP chemistry, mitochondrial magnesium transport and the functional pool of cellular ATP. Source
5. Romani AM, Scarpa A. Regulation of cellular magnesium. Front Biosci. 2000. PMID 10922296. Reviews intracellular magnesium regulation and its relationship to ATP, enzymes and cell function. Source
6. Fiorentini D, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, Prata C. Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency. Nutrients. 2021. Reviews magnesium binding to ATP and its roles in glycolysis and mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Source
7. Ko YH, Hong S, Pedersen PL. Chemical mechanism of ATP synthase: Magnesium plays a pivotal role in formation of the transition state where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1999. PMID 10506126. Mechanistic evidence for magnesium in ATP-synthase catalysis. Source
8. Koch J, et al. Inborn errors of the malate aspartate shuttle — Update on patients and cellular models. Mol Genet Metab. 2024. PMID 38945121. Clear modern description of the MAS moving cytosolic reducing equivalents into mitochondria for the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation. Source
9. Borst P. The malate-aspartate shuttle (Borst cycle): How it started and developed into a major metabolic pathway. IUBMB Life. 2020. PMID 32916028. Major review of MAS physiology and NADH oxidation. Source
10. Broeks MH, et al. Inborn disorders of the malate aspartate shuttle. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2021. PMID 33990986. Explains MAS roles in mitochondrial respiration and cytosolic NAD⁺/NADH balance. Source
11. Schantz PG, Sjöberg B, Svedenhag J. Malate-aspartate and alpha-glycerophosphate shuttle enzyme levels in human skeletal muscle: methodological considerations and effect of endurance training. Acta Physiol Scand. 1986. PMID 3491492. Human muscle study reporting approximately 50% higher MAS enzyme levels in the trained state. Source
12. Arnold PK, Finley LWS. Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle. J Biol Chem. 2023. PMID 36581208. Detailed review showing how malate, NADH/NAD⁺, mitochondrial transport and oxidative phosphorylation intersect with the TCA cycle. Source
13. Veronese N, et al. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly exercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014. PMID 25008857. 300 mg/day magnesium; improved several physical-performance measures, particularly among participants with lower magnesium intake. Source
14. Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE. The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019. PMID 30909645. Broad review: deficiency can impair performance, but evidence for supplementation as an ergogenic aid remains inconsistent. Source
15. Newhouse IJ, Finstad EW. The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Clin J Sport Med. 2000. PMID 10959930. Review concluding that most evidence does not support universal performance enhancement in magnesium-replete subjects. Source
16. Garrison SR, et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020. PMID 32956536. Useful negative evidence that helps keep claims around cramping and muscle function appropriately restrained. Source
17. Fatima G, et al. Magnesium Matters: A Comprehensive Review of Its Vital Role in Health and Diseases. Cureus. 2024. PMID 39539878. Recent overview of magnesium in nerve transmission, ion channels, energy metabolism and muscle relaxation. Source
18. Mooren FC, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects — a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011. PMID 21205110. Form-specific: magnesium aspartate-hydrochloride, 365 mg elemental Mg/day for 6 months. Source
19. Simental-Mendía LE, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effects of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Pharmacol Res. 2016. PMID 27329332. Reported improvement in HOMA-IR overall, with stronger findings in longer-duration trials. Source
20. Oral magnesium supplements and insulin resistance in individuals with diabetes and pre-diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2026. PMID 42426860. Updated analysis found no statistically significant overall improvement in insulin or HOMA-IR, emphasizing heterogeneity among study populations. Source
21. Argeros Z, et al. Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Hypertension. 2025. PMID 41000008. Analysis of 38 RCTs found modest average blood-pressure reductions, with larger effects in hypertensive and hypomagnesemic populations; substantial heterogeneity was present. Source
22. Witteman JC, et al. Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994. PMID 8017327. Form-specific: magnesium aspartate-HCl, 20 mmol Mg/day for 6 months; significant DBP reduction while the SBP difference was not statistically significant. Source
23. Cappuccio FP, et al. Lack of effect of oral magnesium on high blood pressure: a double blind study. BMJ. 1985. PMID 3926135. Form-specific negative trial: magnesium aspartate increased plasma and urinary magnesium without reducing blood pressure. Source
24. Zemel PC, et al. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of magnesium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990. PMID 2181860. Form-specific negative trial using magnesium aspartate in magnesium-replete subjects. Source
25. Wesson M, McNaughton L, Davies P, Tristram S. Effects of Oral Administration of Aspartic Acid Salts on the Endurance Capacity of Trained Athletes. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1988. Small double-blind trial in trained athletes investigating potassium-magnesium aspartate and endurance capacity. Source
26. Maughan RJ, Sadler DJ. The effects of oral administration of salts of aspartic acid on the metabolic response to prolonged exhausting exercise in man. PMID 6874173. Double-blind study; no benefit for work capacity or measured exercise metabolism. Source
27. Hagan RD, et al. Absence of effect of potassium-magnesium aspartate on physiologic responses to prolonged work in aerobically trained men. 1982. PMID 7138632. No effect on VO₂, heart rate, lactate or other measured physiological and metabolic responses. Source
28. Tuttle JL, et al. Effect of acute potassium-magnesium aspartate supplementation on ammonia concentrations during and after resistance training. PMID 7670449. Randomized crossover trial; no reduction in ammonia and no performance benefit on the bench-press-to-failure test. Source
29. Firoz M, Graber M. Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations. Magnes Res. 2001. PMID 11794633. Human comparative study: magnesium aspartate demonstrated substantially greater absorption than magnesium oxide and absorption comparable to magnesium chloride and lactate. Source
30. Dyckner T, Wester PO, Widman L. Effects of peroral magnesium on plasma and skeletal muscle electrolytes in patients on long-term diuretic therapy. Int J Cardiol. 1988. PMID 3372076. Magnesium aspartate-hydrochloride increased cellular magnesium and potassium in this clinical population. Source
31. Weiss D, Brunk DK, Goodman DA. Scottsdale Magnesium Study: Absorption, Cellular Uptake, and Clinical Effectiveness of a Timed-Release Magnesium Supplement in a Standard Adult Clinical Population. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018. PMID 29425476. Human study of a dimagnesium-malate formulation; RBC magnesium rose over time, although the product also contained vitamins B6, B12 and folate and used timed-release technology. Source
32. EFSA Panel. Evaluation of di-magnesium malate, used as a novel food ingredient and as a source of magnesium in foods for the general population, food supplements, total diet replacement for weight control and food for special medical purposes. EFSA Journal. 2018. Reviews the available bioavailability evidence for di-magnesium malate while explicitly noting important limitations in the submitted evidence. Source
33. Uysal N, et al. Timeline (Bioavailability) of Magnesium Compounds in Hours: Which Magnesium Compound Works Best? Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019; e-published 2018. PMID 29679349. Animal pharmacokinetic study: magnesium malate produced the highest AUC among the five magnesium forms tested. Animal evidence only. Source
34. Koc B, et al. Chronic Organic Magnesium Supplementation Enhances Tissue-Specific Bioavailability and Functional Capacity in Rats: A Focus on Brain, Muscle, and Vascular Health. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2026; e-published 2025. PMID 40467961. Animal study: magnesium malate increased magnesium concentrations in skeletal muscle and whole-brain tissue; human confirmation is required. Source
35. Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Flechas JD, Abraham GE. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with Super Malic: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover pilot study. J Rheumatol. 1995. PMID 8587088. No clear treatment effect in the blinded fixed-dose phase; subsequent positive findings came from the weaker open-label dose-escalation phase. Source
36. Ferreira I, et al. Magnesium and malic acid supplement for fibromyalgia. Medwave. 2019. PMID 31150373. Evidence synthesis concluded little or no difference in pain and depressive symptoms based on the available evidence. Source
37. Mah J, Pitre T. Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis. 2021. PMID 33865376. Three RCTs involving 151 older adults; pooled sleep-onset latency improved, but the evidence was low to very-low quality. Source
38. The Role of Magnesium in Sleep Health: a Systematic Review of Available Literature. 2022. PMID 35184264. Observational studies showed associations between magnesium status and sleep quality, while randomized-trial evidence was inconsistent. Source
39. Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress — A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2017. PMID 28445426. Evidence was suggestive of benefit in vulnerable populations, but studies were heterogeneous and generally of limited methodological quality. Source

Third-party lab reports coming soon.